How can the filling of the heart be Increased?
  • When the heart begins to weaken, it depends upon adrenaline and increased stretching to raise the cardiac output.
  • Increased stretching can be produced by expanding the volume of blood which the heart has to carry. This is done by:

    - reducing fluid loss (less urine output), which expands the blood volume

    - constricting or squeezing the veins to shunt blood away from the legs and increase filling (and stretch) of the heart.
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